iocextract¶

Defanged Indicator of Compromise (IOC) extractor.

Overview¶

This library extracts URLs, IP addresses, MD5/SHA hashes, email addresses, and YARA rules from text corpora. It includes some encoded and “defanged” IOCs in the output, and optionally decodes/refangs them.

The Problem¶

It is common practice for malware analysts or endpoint software to “defang” IOCs such as URLs and IP addresses, in order to prevent accidental exposure to live malicious content. Being able to extract and aggregate these IOCs is often valuable for analysts. Unfortunately, existing “IOC extraction” tools often pass right by them, as they are not caught by standard regex.

For example, the simple defanging technique of surrounding periods with brackets:

127[.]0[.]0[.]1

Existing tools that use a simple IP address regex will ignore this IOC entirely.

The Solution¶

By combining specially crafted regex with some custom postprocessing, we are able to both detect and deobfuscate “defanged” IOCs. This saves time and effort for the analyst, who might otherwise have to manually find and convert IOCs into machine-readable format.

A Simple Use Case¶

Many Twitter users post C2s or other valuable IOC information with defanged URLs. For example, this tweet from @InQuest:

Recommended reading and great work from @unit42_intel:
https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/02/unit42-sofacy-attacks-multiple-government-entities/ ...
InQuest customers have had detection for threats delivered from hotfixmsupload[.]com
since 6/3/2017 and cdnverify[.]net since 2/1/18.

If we run this through the extractor, we can easily pull out the URLs:

https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/02/unit42-sofacy-attacks-multiple-government-entities/
hotfixmsupload[.]com
cdnverify[.]net

Passing in refang=True at extraction time would remove the obfuscation, but since these are real IOCs, let’s leave them defanged in our documentation. :)

Installation¶

You may need to install the Python development headers in order to install the regex dependency. On Ubuntu/Debian-based systems, try:

sudo apt-get install python-dev

Then install iocextract from pip:

pip install iocextract

If you have problems installing on Windows, try installing regex directly by downloading the appropriate wheel from PyPI and running e.g.:

pip install regex-2018.06.21-cp27-none-win_amd64.whl

Usage¶

Try extracting some defanged URLs:

>>> content = """
... I really love example[.]com!
... All the bots are on hxxp://example.com/bad/url these days.
... C2: tcp://example[.]com:8989/bad
... """
>>> import iocextract
>>> for url in iocextract.extract_urls(content):
...     print url
...
hxxp://example.com/bad/url
tcp://example[.]com:8989/bad
example[.]com
tcp://example[.]com:8989/bad

Note that some URLs may show up twice if they are caught by multiple regexes.

If you want, you can also “refang”, or remove common obfuscation methods from IOCs:

>>> for url in iocextract.extract_urls(content, refang=True):
...     print url
...
http://example.com/bad/url
http://example.com:8989/bad
http://example.com
http://example.com:8989/bad

You can even extract and decode hex-encoded and base64-encoded URLs:

>>> content = '612062756e6368206f6620776f72647320687474703a2f2f6578616d706c652e636f6d2f70617468206d6f726520776f726473'
>>> for url in iocextract.extract_urls(content):
...     print url
...
687474703a2f2f6578616d706c652e636f6d2f70617468
>>> for url in iocextract.extract_urls(content, refang=True):
...     print url
...
http://example.com/path

All extract_* functions in this library return iterators, not lists. The benefit of this behavior is that iocextract can process extremely large inputs, with a very low overhead. However, if for some reason you need to iterate over the IOCs more than once, you will have to save the results as a list:

>>> list(iocextract.extract_urls(content))
['hxxp://example.com/bad/url', 'tcp://example[.]com:8989/bad', 'example[.]com', 'tcp://example[.]com:8989/bad']

A command-line tool is also included:

$ iocextract -h
usage: iocextract [-h] [--input INPUT] [--output OUTPUT] [--extract-emails]
              [--extract-ips] [--extract-ipv4s] [--extract-ipv6s]
              [--extract-urls] [--extract-yara-rules] [--extract-hashes]
              [--custom-regex REGEX_FILE] [--refang] [--strip-urls]
              [--wide]

Advanced Indicator of Compromise (IOC) extractor. If no arguments are
specified, the default behavior is to extract all IOCs.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --input INPUT         default: stdin
  --output OUTPUT       default: stdout
  --extract-emails
  --extract-ips
  --extract-ipv4s
  --extract-ipv6s
  --extract-urls
  --extract-yara-rules
  --extract-hashes
  --custom-regex REGEX_FILE
                        file with custom regex strings, one per line, with one
                        capture group each
  --refang              default: no
  --strip-urls          remove possible garbage from the end of urls. default:
                        no
  --wide                preprocess input to allow wide-encoded character
                        matches. default: no

Only URLs, emails, and IPv4 addresses can be “refanged”.

Should I Use iocextract?¶

Are you…

Extracting possibly-defanged IOCs from plain text, like the contents of tweets or blog posts?

Yes! This is exactly what iocextract was designed for, and where it performs best. Want to go a step farther and automate extraction and storage? Check out ThreatIngestor.

Extracting URLs that have been hex or base64 encoded?

Yes, but the CLI might not give you the best results. Try writing a Python script and calling iocextract.extract_encoded_urls directly.

Note that you will most likely end up with extra garbage at the end of URLs.

Extracting IOCs that have not been defanged, from HTML/XML/RTF?

Maybe, but you should consider using the --strip-urls CLI flag (or the strip=True parameter in the library), and you may still get some extra garbage in your output.

If you’re extracting from HTML, consider using something like Beautiful Soup to first isolate the text content, and then pass that to iocextract, like this.

Extracting IOCs that have not been defanged, from binary data like executables, or very large inputs?

Probably not. The regex in iocextract is designed to be flexible to catch defanged IOCs, so it performs significantly worse than a solution that is designed to catch only standard IOCs.

Consider using something like Cacador instead.

More Details¶

This library currently supports the following IOCs:

IP Addresses
- IPv4 fully supported
- IPv6 partially supported
URLs
- With protocol specifier: http, https, tcp, udp, ftp, sftp, ftps
- With [.] anchor, even with no protocol specifier
- IPv4 and IPv6 (RFC2732) URLs are supported
- Hex-encoded URLs with protocol specifier: http, https, ftp
- URL-encoded URLs with protocol specifier: http, https, ftp, ftps, sftp
- Base64-encoded URLs with protocol specifier: http, https, ftp
Emails
- Partially supported, anchoring on @ or at
YARA rules
- With imports, includes, and comments
Hashes
- MD5
- SHA1
- SHA256
- SHA512
Custom regex
- With exactly one capture group

For IPv4 addresses, the following defang techniques are supported:

Technique	Defanged	Refanged
`. -> [.]`	1[.]1[.]1[.]1	1.1.1.1
`. -> (.)`	1(.)1(.)1(.)1	1.1.1.1
`. -> \.`	`1\.1\.1\.1`	1.1.1.1
Partial	1[.1[.1.]1	1.1.1.1
Any combination	1.)1[.1.)1	1.1.1.1

For email addresses, the following defang techniques are supported:

Technique	Defanged	Refanged
`. -> [.]`	me@example[.]com	me@example.com
`. -> (.)`	me@example(.)com	me@example.com
`. -> {.}`	me@example{.}com	me@example.com
`. -> _dot_`	me@example dot com	me@example.com
`@ -> [@]`	me[@]example.com	me@example.com
`@ -> (@)`	me(@)example.com	me@example.com
`@ -> {@}`	me{@}example.com	me@example.com
`@ -> _at_`	me at example.com	me@example.com
Partial	me@} example[.com	me@example.com
Added spaces	me@example [.] com	me@example.com
Any combination	me @example [.)com	me@example.com

For URLs, the following defang techniques are supported:

Technique	Defanged	Refanged
`. -> [.]`	`example[.]com/path`	`http://example.com/path`
`. -> (.)`	`example(.)com/path`	`http://example.com/path`
`. -> \.`	`example\.com/path`	`http://example.com/path`
Partial	`http://example[.com/path`	`http://example.com/path`
`/ -> [/]`	`http://example.com[/]path`	`http://example.com/path`
Cisco ESA	`http:// example .com /path`	`http://example.com/path`
`:// -> __`	`http__example.com/path`	`http://example.com/path`
`:// -> :\\`	`http:\\example.com/path`	`http://example.com/path`
`: -> [:]`	`http[:]//example.com/path`	`http://example.com/path`
`hxxp`	`hxxp://example.com/path`	`http://example.com/path`
Any combination	`hxxp__ example( .com[/]path`	`http://example.com/path`
Hex encoded	`687474703a2f2f6578616d706c652e636f6d2f70617468`	`http://example.com/path`
URL encoded	`http%3A%2F%2fexample%2Ecom%2Fpath`	`http://example.com/path`
Base64 encoded	`aHR0cDovL2V4YW1wbGUuY29tL3BhdGgK`	`http://example.com/path`

Note that the tables above are not exhaustive, and other URL/defang patterns may also be extracted correctly. If you notice something missing or not working correctly, feel free to let us know via the GitHub Issues.

The base64 regex was generated with @deadpixi’s base64 regex tool.

Custom Regex¶

If you’d like to use the CLI to extract IOCs using your own custom regex, create a plain text file with one regex string per line, and pass it in with the --custom-regex flag. Be sure each regex string includes exactly one capture group. For example:

http://(example\.com)/
(?:https|ftp)://(example\.com)/

This custom regex file will exctract the domain example.com from matching URLs. The (?: ) noncapture group won’t be included in matches.

If you would like to extract the entire match, just put parentheses around your entire regex string, like this:

(https?://.*?.com)

If your regex is invalid, you’ll see an error message like this:

Error in custom regex: missing ) at position 5

If your regex does not include a capture group, you’ll see an error message like this:

Error in custom regex: no such group

Changelog¶

New features, improvements, and bugfixes for each release can be found in the GitHub releases.

Contributing¶

If you have a defang technique that doesn’t make it through the extractor, or if you find any bugs, PRs and Issues are always welcome. The library is released under a “BSD-New” (aka “BSD 3-Clause”) license.

Who’s using iocextract¶

Are you using it? Want to see your site listed here? Let us know!

Module Documentation¶

Extract and optionally refang Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) from text.

All methods return iterator objects, not lists. If for some reason you need a list, do e.g.: list(extract_iocs(my_data)).

Otherwise, you can iterate over the objects (e.g. in a for loop) normally. Each object yielded from the generators will by of type str.

iocextract.defang(ioc)¶

Defang a URL, domain, or IPv4 address.

Parameters:	ioc – String URL, domain, or IPv4 address.
Return type:	str

iocextract.extract_custom_iocs(data, regex_list)¶

Extract using custom regex strings.

Will always yield only the first group match from each regex.

Always use a single capture group! Do this:

[
    r'(my regex)',  # This yields 'my regex' if the pattern matches.
    r'my (re)gex',  # This yields 're' if the pattern matches.
]

NOT this:

[
    r'my regex',  # BAD! This doesn't yield anything.
    r'(my) (re)gex',  # BAD! This yields 'my' if the pattern matches.
]

For complicated regexes, you can combine capture and non-capture groups, like this:

[
    r'(?:my|your) (re)gex',  # This yields 're' if the pattern matches.
]

Note the (?: ) syntax for noncapture groups vs the ( ) syntax for the capture group.

Parameters:	data – Input text regex_list – List of strings to treat as regex and match against data.
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_emails(data, refang=False)¶

Extract email addresses.

Parameters:	data – Input text refang (bool) – Refang output?
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_encoded_urls(data, refang=False, strip=False)¶

Extract only encoded URLs.

Parameters:	data – Input text refang (bool) – Decode output? strip (bool) – Strip possible garbage from the end of URLs
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_hashes(data)¶

Extract MD5/SHA hashes.

Results are returned as an itertools.chain iterable object which lazily provides the results of the other extract_*_hashes generators.

Parameters:	data – Input text
Return type:	`itertools.chain()`

iocextract.extract_iocs(data, refang=False, strip=False)¶

Extract all IOCs.

Results are returned as an itertools.chain iterable object which lazily provides the results of the other extract_* generators.

Parameters:	data – Input text refang (bool) – Refang output? strip (bool) – Strip possible garbage from the end of URLs
Return type:	`itertools.chain()`

iocextract.extract_ips(data, refang=False)¶

Extract IP addresses.

Includes both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

Parameters:	data – Input text refang (bool) – Refang output?
Return type:	`itertools.chain()`

iocextract.extract_ipv4s(data, refang=False)¶

Extract IPv4 addresses.

Parameters:	data – Input text refang (bool) – Refang output?
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_ipv6s(data)¶

Extract IPv6 addresses.

Not guaranteed to catch all valid IPv6 addresses.

Parameters:	data – Input text
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_md5_hashes(data)¶

Extract MD5 hashes.

Parameters:	data – Input text
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_sha1_hashes(data)¶

Extract SHA1 hashes.

Parameters:	data – Input text
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_sha256_hashes(data)¶

Extract SHA256 hashes.

Parameters:	data – Input text
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_sha512_hashes(data)¶

Extract SHA512 hashes.

Parameters:	data – Input text
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_unencoded_urls(data, refang=False, strip=False)¶

Extract only unencoded URLs.

Parameters:	data – Input text refang (bool) – Refang output? strip (bool) – Strip possible garbage from the end of URLs
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.extract_urls(data, refang=False, strip=False)¶

Extract URLs.

Parameters:	data – Input text refang (bool) – Refang output? strip (bool) – Strip possible garbage from the end of URLs
Return type:	`itertools.chain()`

iocextract.extract_yara_rules(data)¶

Extract YARA rules.

Parameters:	data – Input text
Return type:	Iterator[`str`]

iocextract.main()¶: Run as a commandline utility.

iocextract.refang_email(email)¶

Refang an email address.

Parameters:	email – String email address.
Return type:	str

iocextract.refang_ipv4(ip_address)¶

Refang an IPv4 address.

Parameters:	ip_address – String IPv4 address.
Return type:	str

iocextract.refang_url(url)¶

Refang a URL.

Parameters:	url – String URL
Return type:	str

iocextract

Table of Contents

Related Topics

Other Projects

Useful Links

Stay Informed

iocextract¶

Overview¶

The Problem¶

The Solution¶

A Simple Use Case¶

Installation¶

Usage¶

Should I Use iocextract?¶

More Details¶

Custom Regex¶

Changelog¶

Contributing¶

Who’s using iocextract¶

Module Documentation¶

Indices and tables¶

iocextract¶

Overview¶

The Problem¶

The Solution¶

A Simple Use Case¶

Installation¶

Usage¶

Should I Use iocextract?¶

More Details¶

Custom Regex¶

Related Projects¶

Changelog¶

Contributing¶

Who’s using iocextract¶

Module Documentation¶

Indices and tables¶